Bonifacio-Influencer of His Time

Carmina and Patch rediscover Andres Bonifacio and rekindle their respect for the "Father of the Philippine Revolution." Take a listen as they learn more about this remarkable hero, made possible by studies done on Katipunan documents confiscated between 1896 - 1897 by the Archivo General Militar de Madrid that were returned to the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in 1997. They discuss other juicy details like his love life and bromances. Carmina also recalls a Bonifacio poem she innocently recited in her youth, only to learn now of its nefarious undertones. Finally, if your heart can handle it, listen to Chickoy Pura's rendition of Andres Bonifacio's seminal poem, "Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa."

To learn more: The most important book of our time, The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892-1897, Bonifacio’s love life, Andres Bonifacio & Gregoria De Jesus: Their Low-Key, Tragic Story, The Untold Story of Andres Bonifacio’s Execution, Xiao Talks: Bonifacio, Unang Pangulo Lecture for the Department of Education (Bonifacio Day 2021) and Editorial:Supremo Andres Bonifacio revisited.

Various versions of "Andres Bonifacio, A-Tapang A-Tao" can be found here.

Listen to the moving rendition of "Chickoy Pura - Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa" here.

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Transcript

Carmina: 0:06

Welcome to FilTrip, a podcast where we explore everything fun, weird, and in between about the Philippines. And now a quick shout out. Check out Manila Candle. Manila Candle features Filipino inspired scents like Tagaytay, Palawan, Ube Halaya and Buco and Mango. They also have fun ones like Ay Nako and Bahala Ka Sa Buhay Mo.

Patch: 0:35

Enjoy their car fresheners, wax melts and merchandise to visit manilacandle.com and take a trip to the Philippines through their scents.

Carmina: 0:46

Back to our show. Today's trip is a holiday trip when we talk about a specific holiday observance, festival or celebration, and our personal experiences with that holiday. In this episode, we'll be talking about Bonifacio Daywhich is celebrated on November 30.

Patch: 1:07

Carmina, in a previous episode in season one, episode 16, when we talked about Philippine independence, we mentioned some facts about Andres Bonifacio, right?

Carmina: 1:18

That's right. I realized that he was very misunderstood and is the subject of many contradictory stories. I guess that's not entirely surprising since there's only one photo of him that survives. The lack of other documentary evidence contributed to all of this confusion. We told our listeners about the time when a disgruntled KKK member named Theodore Patino told the priest Father Mariano Gill, about his involvement, which forced them to come out in the open and declare a revolution on August 23rd, 1893. And as we mentioned last time, it's not the KKK that we know here.

Patch: 2:04

<laugh>. Yes, thankfully.

Carmina: 2:06

So for those folks who haven't listened to episode 16 from season one, it stands for Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. Which means Highest most Honorable Society of the Country's Sons and Daughters.

Patch: 2:24

That is a mouthful. Good job, Carmina.

Carmina: 2:27

<laugh>. I guess KKK does it. At that time, the Guardia or the Spanish Civil Guard confiscated Katipunan documents between 1896 and 1897. And these were in the Spanish military archives until they were handed over to the National Historic Commission of the Philippines in recent years. So with that opportunity to study those confiscated documents, we're now able to discover a little bit more about Andres Bonifacio. So Patch, like we said, Bonifacio Day is celebrated on November 30, and that's because Andres Bonifacio was born on November 30th, 1863. His name is from San Andres Apostol, or St. Andrew the Apostle, who is one of the patron saints of Manila. And do you remember, we read a lot in our textbooks growing up that he was considered an Indio?

Patch: 3:28

Actually, he is not.

Carmina: 3:29

Right. And that's because his mom is a Mestiza who had a Spanish father.

Patch: 3:35

There's popular knowledge that he grew up poor. Un fact, they're actually considered middle class.

Carmina: 3:45

Right. His mom had a really good job at a tobacco factory, apparently. So Andres had five younger siblings. They really had very unique names, Patch.

Patch: 3:59

Okay.

Carmina: 4:00

I'm gonna name them. Procopio, Espiridiona, Maxima, Ciriaco and Troadio. I guess he was the only one who had a vanilla name i n that f amily.

Patch: 4:13

<laugh>. I was gonna say, was he the favorite? He was the only one named after, well, I guess he was born on a day that there is a specific patron saint.

Carmina: 4:23

But we don't know. And I mean, maybe there is a Saint Procopio.

Patch: 4:27

<laugh>. That's true.

Carmina: 4:29

That we don't know about. In any case. One other misconception was Bonifacio was 14 when they were orphan, but some public records showed that his parents were still alive when he was that age. And also his younger sister was interviewed later in her life. And she said that their mother died in 1883, followed by his dad in 1885. In fact, undress was already 22 years old.

Patch: 4:58

I'm glad you did the math for me.<laugh>.

Carmina: 5:02

I guess we should check.

Patch: 5:04

<laugh>.

Carmina: 5:07

And as we said last time, Bonifacio was entrepreneurial. Right? He sold fans, games. And what I found out this time around, those were his father's craft. So his father, while they were growing up, taught his children how to make these things in the Philippine independence episode Patch, we also talked about Andres Bonifacio's wife, Gregoria de Jesus.

Patch: 5:33

So Carmina, that's actually his second wife.

Carmina: 5:36

I didn't know that actually, when we were talking about him first, he was already apparently widowed when he married Gregoria.

Patch: 5:45

His first wife's name was Monica. I don't believe they have any record of her surname. But she was from the neighborhood of Tondo, and sadly, she died of leprosy.

Carmina: 5:58

I think that's all that's written about her, because that's exactly what I found as well. And Patch, I found a little bit more details about his courtship with Gregoria.

Patch: 6:09

Spill the tea Carmina.

Carmina: 6:11

I know it sounds a little bit like a telenovela. Gregoria's father opposed a relationship and basically put her under lock and key.

Patch: 6:22

Okay, Carmina. I read a little bit about why her parents were opposed to Andres Bonifacio. One of the reasons was because of the age gap. He was twenty-nine at t hat time w hile she was only eighteen.

Carmina: 6:38

But is that really a big of an age gap at that time?

Patch: 6:42

Well, that's true. But the other reason also was when Bonifacio was a free mason.

Carmina: 6:47

Yes.

Patch: 6:48

And I guess at that time, if you were a free mason, you were an enemy of the church.

Carmina: 6:54

Gregoria, was so in love with Andres, and they were, you know, in love with each other. So while Gregoria was basically in prison and under house arrest by her parents, she wrote to the Gobernadorcillo of Tondo. And during those times that Gobernadorcillo was the leader of a certain town. And in her letter Gregoria told him she already had an agreement of marriage with Andres, and she was being held prisoner by her parents. She appealed to him to free her and reunite her with Andres. Now, I don't know if that's what did it, but the parents eventually agreed to marry them.

Patch: 7:36

Wow. She had a lot of chutzpah<laugh>. I like her.

Carmina: 7:41

I mean, I guess she really did, right? Because we did say that she formed the Women's chapter of the Katipunan. The other thing that I found out that I didn't really realize was they had a son, Andres J unior, but he died from measles when he was still a baby. Essentially, they really had no heirs.

Patch: 8:03

Well, there was a little bit of a rumor going around.

Carmina: 8:08

What?. Scandalous<laugh> In keeping with the telenovela theme.

Patch: 8:15

<laugh>. So apparently there was a rumor that Andres Bonifacio had a legitimate child.

Carmina: 8:23

Wow.

Patch: 8:24

Yeah.<laugh>. So there's a town in Albay called<laugh>. I mean, it was called Libog, by the way.

Carmina: 8:36

My goodness. Why are we laughing?

Patch: 8:39

Okay. Cause for Tagalog speakers, it means basically lust.

Carmina: 8:45

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>.

Patch: 8:47

But I guess that has a different meaning in Bicol. It means hazy or blurred.

Carmina: 8:53

I see. Okay.

Patch: 8:55

Anyway, that town, there was a professor who hired an assistant whose name was Andres. And this Andres, he had a relationship with a local girl, Genoveva Baloloy. And he fathered a child with her. And the child was named Francisca. Later on, Genoveva claimed that Francisca was in fact, Andres Bonifacio's child. But this rumor was actually disputed because apparently Andres Bonifacio was never around the area during the time that they supposedly had a relationship.

Carmina: 9:36

So it could be someone named Andres.

Patch: 9:40

Yes.

Carmina: 9:41

Pretending to be the Andres.

Patch: 9:44

<laugh>.

Carmina: 9:45

So even then there were intrigues

Patch: 9:49

<laugh>, as they say. Now, fake news.

Carmina: 9:53

Exactly. Last time we already mentioned that Andres Bonifacio was also a performer.

Patch: 9:58

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>.

Carmina: 9:59

I really wasn't sure if Andres was just interested in the arts or if there was some deeper meaning to that. So this time around, I found out he believed in order to l ead t he revolution, he needed to learn the language of the masses and how to inspire them. Zarzuelas and t he Moro Moro were genres in the theater that was very popular amongst the masses. His favorites were Florante at Laura and the Legend of Bernardo Carpio. You remember Florante at Larua?

Patch: 10:34

Yes.

Carmina: 10:35

For those of our listeners who don't know, Florante at Laura an epic that was written by a famous Taga poet named Francisco Balagtas. And it's considered one of the masterpieces of Philippine literature. As in a lot of literature during that time. On the surface it looked like a love story, but there's actually elements of social justice underneath. And the other one of Bonifacio's favorites was the Legend of Bernardo Carpio. It's actually a Spanish hero who defeated the Moors and the French and the wars with Spain. But you know, Patch Wright, we always say that our pre-colonial history was erased by the Spaniards when they colonized us.

Patch: 11:22

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>.

Carmina: 11:23

So what ended up happening was Filipinos adjusted the legends the Spaniards were basically feeding to us<laugh>.

Patch: 11:33

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>.

Carmina: 11:33

And we kind of adapted it to our own culture and mythology. In the Filipinos adjustment of this legend, there is this king of the Philippines, Bernardo Carpio, who is trapped between two mountains and the province, formerly known as Morong, which is now, they believe that the earthquakes were caused by Bernardo's attempts to escape. And one day he'd be free and end the Spanish rule. Bonifacio loved performing these two because of that element of inspiration about nationhood. During the time when he was actively performing, he formed a theater troop called Teatro Porvenir.

Patch: 12:22

I wonder, were they very popular during that time? And that's why he was able to also gather a lot of supporters.

Carmina: 12:29

That's the connection that I didn't quite appreciate because Bonifacio was aware that he needed to mobilize the masses. And that's why he was very interested in really immersing himself with what the masses connected with.

Patch: 12:46

Which brings me to think that if he were alive today, he would probably be very active in like social media or something.<laugh>.

Carmina: 12:55

Yeah. He'd probably be an influencer.

Patch: 12:58

Yeah.

Carmina: 12:59

The other thing that we talked about last time, undress was a big fanboy.

Patch: 13:05

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>

Carmina: 13:06

<laugh>. And our textbooks say that he and his friends joined the organization, founded by Rizal, the La Liga Filipina, when it was formed on July 3, 1892, was arrested only three days later.

Patch: 13:24

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>,

Carmina: 13:24

Four days after result's arrest, Bonifacio and his friends established the KKK. So I spoke earlier about those confiscated documents that were handed over to us in recent years. One of the confiscated documents that were studied actually shows us, the Katipuan was already mentioned by the founders undress and his friends months before they joined the La Liga. And the things mentioned in the documents were already pretty advanced. It had a rough sketch of what the ideals were gonna be for this organization, what the objectives were. So even though they joined the La Ligaa in July, they were already really thinking about the KKK.

Patch: 14:15

I thought all of this happened after the fact.

Carmina: 14:19

The other discovery from these documents was the KKK was highly organized and very democratic. There was this common misconception, again, that the KKK is all about violence, and they were disorganized. Well, in fact, they had a very clear structure. And there was no other organization during that period that showed this highly evolved and highly democratic structure. So the KKK was ahead of its time, and there was nowhere else in the world like it. These types of organizations elsewhere in the world only began in the 20th century. There was also a common misconception that undress just copied the Western values of freedom and democracy, when in fact he did draw inspiration from those. However, he also made sure the organization was uniquely Filipino as well, back to Bonifacio and his fanboying over.

Patch: 15:23

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>.

Carmina: 15:23

There was probably a deeper relationship between the two. For one, Rizal's sister, Josefa, was the first leader in the women's chapter of the KKK. And several others of Rizals siblings were members of both men's and women's chapters. I think one of the reasons why people didn't think that there was a deeper relationship, people thought that Rizal was against the revolution. In fact, he wasn't. He was just not sure about whether that was the right time to declare a revolution. It was also said Andres really wanted to rescue Rizal from imprisonment. But Rizal was just guarded so heavily that he didn't find an opportunity. And then when Rizal died, Andres was given a copy of his last poem, MI Ultimo Adios.

Patch: 16:18

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>.

Carmina: 16:18

It's well known that Bonificio did translate that poem into Tagalog, and he titled Huling Paalam. He was personally given a copy of it by Josephine Bracken, who was Rizal's common law wife.

Patch: 16:34

I didn't realize that there was such a bromance between Andres Bonifacio<laugh> and Jose Rizal<laugh>.

Carmina: 16:41

I mean, last time, remember we said that was arrested because his name was being used as a password by the Katipuneros.

Patch: 16:50

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>,

Carmina: 16:51

He was really all over the KKK, apparently. Rizal's teachings and Rizal himself w as such a presence in the KKK.

Patch: 17:00

Right.

Carmina: 17:01

And speaking of bromance, there was apparently another bromance that didn't end well between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo. Emilio Aguinaldo is somebody that we did talk about extensively because he was considered the first president of the Philippines.

Patch: 17:18

Was there even a real bromance?

Carmina: 17:21

Apparently, yes. Because when Aguinaldo was inducted into the kkk, it was BUAs himself who inducted him. And during those early days, Bonifacio was impressed with Emilio Aguinaldo because he was so young and yet so capable. But factions started forming in the KKK. The friction between these two factions became so bad, Bonifacio himself had to to intervene. And this was what led to Bonifacio being invited to Cavite in November, 1896 to ostensibly mediate. However, unbeknownst to him, it was really just a ploy to wrestle power from him. During that supposed mediation, he was forced to agree to have an election of new officers.

Patch: 18:15

He lost, right?

Carmina: 18:17

Yeah. From being the head of the entire Katiipunan. He instead was elected as the Director of Interior.

Patch: 18:24

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>.

Carmina: 18:25

I mean, can you imagine? You were once the head of the entire thing. And then throughout those elections you just kept being bumped down and bumped down and bumped down. And so finally he did win the election for that position. But somebody named Daniel Tirona opposed it because Daniel Tirona was saying this position was so important and needed to be held by a lawyer and proposed someone else. Wow. I guess this is where also the rumors about Andres Bonifacio being uneducated, all of that stuff. Started to propagate within the Katipunan. There were also apparently a lot of rumors that he was stealing from the Katipunan and he lost it. I mean, wouldn't you? Yeah, I probably would.

Patch: 19:15

Exactly. I mean rumors, and then the insults, boy had enough<laugh>, right?<laugh>.

Carmina: 19:25

Yeah. So that Bonifacio took as a direct insult to his reputation and drew a gun. And at that time, when you draw a gun, you're basically challenging somebody to a duel. Well, thankfully he was pacified by some of his followers, and instead he declared the entire election null and void because he basically got a clue. All of this was a staged attempt to unseat him from power. So he left. And in his mind, he was still the head of the Katipunan.

Patch: 19:59

I read somewhere that Aguinaldo was surprised that he was even elected president.

Carmina: 20:05

Yeah, cuz he wasn't there. Apparently he was on the battlefield.

Patch: 20:10

He was obviously very busy in the battlefield when word came to him that he won the election.

Carmina: 20:16

Emilio Aguinaldo was the youngest Philippine president. He was very young, and he was surrounded by advisors who were much older and basically much more wily in their ways. And because of his youth, he was probably very easily persuaded. After Bonifacio left, he's still operating as if he was the leader. And it deepened the factions within the KKK. There were so many more misunderstandings that came after.

Patch: 20:47

Was it misunderstandings or were there rumors that were probably planted by the, like what you said, the so-called advisors. Right?

Carmina: 20:57

I'm sure there were, because there were so many more incidents that kind of played out in a similar way.

Patch: 21:04

I guess part of that resulted in Aguinaldo really planning out the arrest of Bonifacio. Right? He took his time because he was making sure that he didn't alienate Bonifacio supporters at the time that Bonifacio was near camp in Indang, with around a thousand of his men. Aguinaldo had finished consolidating his power base. They had many allegations against him, including Bonifacio supposedly burning down a village and a church in Indang, Aguinaldo dispatched Agapito Bonzón and Jose Ignacio Paua to arrest Bonifacio.

Carmina: 21:43

When they arrived in camp, they were actually welcomed with open arms and were fed.

Patch: 21:50

Apparently Bonifacio ordered his man to stand down. In spite of this, Bonifacio was shot in the arm by Bonzon and stabbed in the neck by Paua. Bonifacio's brother Ciriaco was shot dead, and his brother Procopio was beaten. And I don't know if this was already considered factual, but apparently his wife, Gregoria de J esus was raped by Bonzon.

Carmina: 22:18

I know. I think I've been reading words like attempted rape, but you know, who knows?

Patch: 22:25

Right. So Bonifacio was very much starved and he was wounded and he was apparently carried in a hammock all the way to Naik where Aguinaldo was waiting for him.

Carmina: 22:38

They were treated very badly during the three days. They were imprisoned there. There were also accounts. The food that they were served were spoiled and they were prohibited from seeing or talking to anyone.

Patch: 22:52

I really don't understand all the hate<laugh>. Like he, he was getting, I mean, I understand, you know, that they wanted a change in leadership and and all that, but so much hate.

Carmina: 23:05

I know. Because I think they realized Bonifacio had the support of the masses and were really trying to discredit him as much as they could.

Patch: 23:15

I'm sure it also had a lot to do with land ownership.

Carmina: 23:19

Emilio Aguinaldo and his posse< laugh>.

Patch: 23:22

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>,

Carmina: 23:23

Again, being part of the elite, had a lot of interests to protect because they were the ruling class at that time.

Patch: 23:31

So in the end, Bonifacio was found guilty. Right? He was found guilty of treason, Aguinaldo for his part, didn't want to further anger any of Bonifacio's supporters. And he basically wanted to sentence Bonifacio to exile.

Carmina: 23:48

Right. Because the original sentence was death.

Patch: 23:52

Aguinaldo supporters argued with him and strongly urged the death sentence. And in fact, that's what happened. And the order was signed by Aguinaldo himself in the end.

Carmina: 24:04

Did you read anything about how it happened? Because that was some shady business too.

Patch: 24:09

Exactly. That's where the controversy comes in. Right?

Carmina: 24:13

Bonifacio and Procopio were being transported to what they thought was lifetime exile. And a letter was handed over to the person who was overseeing this operation with instructions to open the envelope when they got to their destination. But it was said that this person opened the letter even before they got to their destination. And in the letter it said, actually the brothers were to be executed.

Patch: 24:41

If we're talking about that same person who read that letter, it's Lazaro Macapagal, ancestor of Diosdado Macapgal and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, former presidents of the Philippines.

Carmina: 24:55

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>,

Patch: 24:56

According to his account, Macapagal's account, he turned away before his men shot Procopio and Andres. But there are accounts that Procopio was shot first, then Bonifacio tried to run away and Macapagal had to chase and gun him down.

Carmina: 25:14

There was also a version that said Bonifacio was hacked because they didn't want to waste bullets.

Patch: 25:21

But if you recall, Bonifacio was carried around in a hammock because of his injuries and blood loss. So I feel like he wouldn't be able to try and run away.

Carmina: 25:33

And also this whole notion of him running away is disputed now by a lot of historians, because his reputation on the battlefield and you know, in his personal relations just doesn't square away with this whole notion that he did run away.

Patch: 25:51

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>.

Carmina: 25:51

They were even saying he was begging for his life. Again, not very characteristic of who Bonifacio was.

Patch: 25:59

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>.

Carmina: 26:00

So Patch, this leads me to a very popular children's poem that we learned when we were young.

Patch: 26:08

Uh, which one?

Carmina: 26:10

<laugh>. This one's very specific to Andres Bonifacio. And I am now horrified that I ever uttered these words.

Patch: 26:19

Oh no.

Carmina: 26:19

And I think you'll remember this because when we were kids, we thought that it was just a funny poem. There were different versions and it was delivered in a stammering way. You still don't remember?

Patch: 26:32

No.

Carmina: 26:34

Okay. I'll say the first few lines.

Patch: 26:36

Oh my God.

Carmina: 26:37

Or actually, maybe the whole thing, because it's really,

Patch: 26:40

I can't think so

Carmina: 26:42

It's really not that long and I really apologize. Now, this is now taking on a very, you know,

Patch: 26:48

Dark, is It dark?

Carmina: 26:50

Dark meaning for me. But here it is: Andres Bonifacio, atapang atao. Aputol a kamay, hindi atakbo. Aputol a paa, hindi atakbo. Apugot a ulo, hindi atakbo. Aputol a uten, atakbo atulin. I mean, I don't know how to translate all that. But basically for folks who don't understand or don't fully uh, comprehend, this poem is supposedly describing that hacking incident, right?

Patch: 27:30

Mm-hmm.<affirmative>.

Carmina: 27:30

Saying that Bonifacio is brave, and that his body parts, even if they were being hacked, one by one didn't run. But when it came to his privates, he ran very fast. Now that I've learned more about Bonifacio, I really started to wonder why this poem persisted even during our childhood. Well, first of all, do you even remember this?

Patch: 27:55

No.

Carmina: 27:56

Am I the only one who remembers this?

Patch: 27:58

< laugh> I do not remember it at all.

Carmina: 28:02

Oh my goodness. I don't know why, but I, this was something that I guess in the provinces was popular, because I do remember this when I was growing up. So there were several theories why the poem came to be. And some say that it's a typical way that Filipinos deal with tragic events, right? We tend to laugh a lot of things off, and our coping mechanism is through humor. Another theory was this was a deliberate ridicule. And when you layer on the stammering delivery, it's meant to antagonize somebody. Some historians were saying, this is a deliberate semar of Andres Bonifacio's reputation to the masses, and simultaneously a warning to discourage more Filipinos from following his footsteps. By doing this, his stature was diminished over the generations through the conditioning this poem did to Filipinos' minds.

Patch: 28:58

That makes a lot of sense actually, and it, I mean, it worked to a certain extent.

Carmina: 29:03

I just wonder why you never heard about it. While it's very prominent in my memory,

Patch: 29:09

We'd have to ask our other friends if they remember that poem.

Carmina: 29:12

I refuse to believe that I'm the only one who remembers this<laugh>. And I feel like Andres Bonifacio, even up t o now when we know a lot more about him, still remains a huge mystery, right? There's just a lot of questions still that surround him and his life. But one thing is for sure, he was a hero. He was the father of the Philippine Revolution. I wanted to end by highlighting one of his poems. The title is Pagibig Sa Tinubuang Bayan or in E nglish Love of Country. The text, if you read it and really try to understand it, is very moving. But I did find an artist, Chikoy Pura, who's the lead singer of a band called The Jerks. The band was very popular in the seventies, and they sang about social issues and were political activists. He put a melody to this poem. Please listen to it. We'll link it in our show notes.

Patch: 30:19

So that's our episode. We hope you join us on our next trip.

Carmina: 30:22

O siya, siya!

Patch: 30:23

Ingat! Thanks for listening to FilTrip with Carmina and Patch. Support FilTrip through Patreon or PayPal, and follow us on Instagram and Twitter. Subscribe at Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever all podcasts are downloaded.

Carmina: 30:43

Thanks to FilTrip sponsor, Solepack, a functional shoe accessory bag. Visit thesolepack.com for more details.

Patch: 30:52

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